The strength and elastic property of PLA + graphite composites: experimental and theoretical analyses

Authors

  • Viktor Rubashevskyi KPI Igor Sikorskyi, Education and Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Dynamics and Strength of Machines and Strength of Materials, Ukraine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-2116
  • Sergiy Shukayev KPI Igor Sikorskyi, Education and Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Dynamics and Strength of Machines and Strength of Materials, Ukraine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8195-6041

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20535/2521-1943.2023.7.2.286738

Keywords:

3D printing, additive manufacturing, fused deposition modeling, PLA-Cg , PLA-CCF, mechanical properties, failure criteria

Abstract

Background. The combination of additive technologies with reinforced materials opens up new vistas for creating lightweight and durable products having unique characteristics. Implementing these technologies into the production requires effective evaluation methods of the ultimate limit state of such products.

Objective. The article deals with the mechanical properties of samples, manufactured by the method of surfacing FDM with two polylactide-based thermoplastic threads: PLA-Cg+ with 5% layered graphite filling and PLA-CCF with 10% carbon fiber filling.

Methods. The impact of 3D printing process parameters, such as print orientation and layer thickness, on specimens' mechanical characteristics under conditions of tension and compression, has been experimentally researched.

Results. It is shown that both print orientation and layer thickness substantially influence specimens' mechanical properties of both materials. A comparative analysis of experimental data with calculations by failure criteria has been carried out: Tsai-Hill, Tsai-Wu, Hoffman, Mises, and maximum stresses.

Conclusions. The results of the tests proved that there is a significant influence of the studied parameters of the printing process on the mechanical characteristics of PLA + graphite specimens under both tension and compression. For the most part, samples with a smaller thickness have both a higher ultimate strength (limit of proportionality) and a greater relative elongation. It is defined that the best concurrence between experimental and calculated data for both materials can be achieved through using the generalized von Mises criterion.

References

  1. D. W. Martinez, M. T. Espino, H. M. Cascolan, J. L. Crisostomo and J. R. C. Dizon, “A comprehensive review on the application of 3D printing in the aerospace industry”, Key engineering materials, vol. 913, pp. 27–34, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-94a9zb.
  2. K. Özsoy, B. Duman and D. İ. Gültekin, “Metal part production with additive manufacturing for aerospace and defense industry”, International Journal of Technological Sciences, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 201–210, 2019. Available: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/918027.
  3. D. K. Yadav, R. Srivastava and S. Dev, “Design & fabrication of ABS part by FDM for automobile application”, Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 26, part 2, pp. 2089–2093, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.451.
  4. L. Jiménez, M. J. Mena, J. Prendiz, L. Salas and J. Vega-Baudrit, “Polylactic acid (PLA) as a bioplastic and its possible applications in the food industry”, Food Sci Nutr, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1–6, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24966/FSN-1076/100048.
  5. C.-Y. Liaw and M. Guvendiren, “Current and emerging applications of 3D printing in medicine”, Biofabrication, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 024102, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/aa7279.
  6. T. M. Medibew, “A comprehensive review on the optimization of the fused deposition modeling process parameter for better tensile strength of PLA-printed parts”, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2022, pp. 1-11, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5490831.
  7. Ł. Miazio, “Impact of print speed on strength of samples printed in FDM technology”, Agricultural Engineering, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 33-38, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2019-0014.
  8. Y.-H. Choi, C.-M. Kim, H.-S. Jeong and J.-H. Youn, “Influence of Bed Temperature on Heat Shrinkage Shape Error in FDM Additive Manufacturing of the ABS-Engineering Plastic”, World Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 4, no. 3D, pp. 186–192, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2016.43D022.
  9. A. Pandzic, D. Hodzic and A. Milovanovic, “Effect of Infill Type and Density on Tensile Properties of PLA material for FDM Process”, in Proceedings of the 30th DAAAM International Symposium, DAAAM International Vienna, 2019, pp. 0545-0554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2507/30th.daaam.proceedings.074.
  10. Aboma Wagari Gebisa and Hirpa G. Lemu, “Influence of 3D Printing FDM Process Parameters on Tensile Property of ULTEM 9085”, Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 30. pp. 331–338, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.047.
  11. Zhuo Xu, Rakel Fostervold and Nima Razavi, ”Thickness effect on the mechanical behavior of PLA specimens fabricated via Fused Deposition Modeling”, Procedia Structural Integrity, vol. 33, pp. 571–577, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2021.10.063.
  12. Z. Yu, Y. Gao, J. Jiang, H. Gu, S. Lv, H. Ni, X. Wang and C. Jia, “Study on effects of FDM 3D printing parameters on mechanical properties of polylactic acid”, in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 688, no. 3, p. 033026, Nov. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/688/3/033026.
  13. J. F. Rodrıguez, J. P. Thomas and J. E. Renaud, “Design of fused-deposition ABS components for stiffness and strength”, J. Mech. Des., vol. 125, no. 3, pp. 545–551, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1582499.
  14. M. G. Aruan Efendy and K. L. Pickering, “Comparison of strength and Young modulus of aligned discontinuous fibre PLA composites obtained experimentally and from theoretical prediction models”, Composite structures, vol. 208, pp. 566–573, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.10.057.
  15. Y. E. Belarbi, S. Guessasma, S. Belhabib, F. Benmahiddine and A. E. A. Hamami, “Effect of printing parameters on mechanical behaviour of PLA-flax printed structures by fused deposition modelling”, Materials, vol. 14, no. 19, p. 5883, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195883.
  16. R. E. Przekop, M. Kujawa, W. Pawlak, M. Dobrosielska, B. Sztorch and W. Wieleba, “Graphite modified polylactide (PLA) for 3D printed (FDM/FFF) sliding elements”, Polymers, vol. 12, no. 6, p. 1250, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061250.
  17. P. P. Lepikhin and V. A. Romashchenko, “Methods and findings of stress-strain state and strength analyses of multilayer thick-walled anisotropic cylinders under dynamic loading (Review). Part 3. Phenomenological strength criteria”, Streng. Mater., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 271–283, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11223-013-9456-z.
  18. L. P. Kollar and G. S. Springer, Mechanics of composite structures. Cambridge University Press, 2003, 480 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511547140.
  19. M. J. Hinton, A. S. Kaddour and P. D. Soden, Failure Criteria in Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: The World-Wide Failure Exercise. Amsterdam; San Diego, CA; Oxford: Elsevier, 2004, 1255 p.
  20. O. Lampron, A. Lingua, D. Therriault and M. Lévesque, “Characterization of the non-isotropic tensile and fracture behavior of unidirectional polylactic acid parts manufactured by material extrusion”, Additive Manufacturing, vol. 61, p. 103369, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103369.
  21. DSTU EN ISO 527-2:2018. Plastmasy. Vyznachennya vlastyvostey pid chas roztyahuvannya. Chastyna 2. Umovy vyprobuvannya dlya plastmas, vyhotovlenykh metodom formuvannya ta ekstruziyi.
  22. ASTM D695−15, Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 2015.
  23. V. V. Rubashevskyi, S. M. Shukayev and A. M. Babak, “Effect of 3D Printing Process Parameters on the Mechanical Characteristics of Graphite-Modified Polylactide in Compression Tests”, Strength Mater, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1019-1026, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11223-023-00496-6.
  24. M. Kryshchuk, S. Shukayev and V. Rubashevskyi, “Modeling of Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials Under Different Types of Loads”, in Nonlinear Mechanics of Complex Structures: From Theory to Engineering Applications, vol. 157. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021, pp. 39-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75890-5_3.
  25. V. D. Azzi and S. W. Tsai, “Anisotropic strength of composites”, Exp. Mech., vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 283–288, 1965. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02326292.
  26. M. L. Benzeggagha, K. Khellil and T. Chotard, “Experimental determination of TSAI failure tensorial terms Fij for unidirectional composite materials”, Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 145–156, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(95)00098-4.
  27. S. W. Tsai and E. M. Wu, “A general theory of strength for anisotropic materials”, J. Compos. Mater., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 58–80, 1971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002199837100500106.
  28. O. Hoffman, “The brittle strength of orthotropic materials”, J. Compos. Mater., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 200–206, 1967. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002199836700100210.
  29. R. V. Mises, “Mechanik der festen Körper im plastisch-deformablen Zustand“, Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissen-schaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, vol. 1913, pp. 582–592, 1913.
  30. W. H. Yang, “A Generalized von Mises criterion for yield and fracture”, J. Appl. Mech. vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 297–300, 1980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3153658.

Downloads

Published

2023-09-19

How to Cite

[1]
V. Rubashevskyi and S. Shukayev, “The strength and elastic property of PLA + graphite composites: experimental and theoretical analyses”, Mech. Adv. Technol., vol. 7, no. 2 (98), pp. 145–154, Sep. 2023.

Issue

Vol. 7 No. 2 (98) (2023)

Section

Mechanics

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Віктор Вікторович Рубашевський, Сергій Шукаєв

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The ownership of copyright remains with the Authors.
 
Authors may use their own material in other publications provided that the Journal is acknowledged as the original place of publication and National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” as the Publisher.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under CC BY 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work